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Final version of documentation (famous last words)
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Pavel Machek
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doc/bird.sgml
109
doc/bird.sgml
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ the IPv4 or the IPv6 protocol). Routers are devices which forward packets betwee
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networks in order to allow hosts not connected directly to the same local area network to
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communicate with each other. They also communicate with the other routers in the Internet to discover
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the topology of the network which allows them to find optimal (in terms of some metric) rules for
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forwarding of packets (which will be called routes in the rest of this document) and to adapt themselves to the
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forwarding of packets (which are called routing tables) and to adapt themselves to the
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changing conditions such as outages of network links, building of new connections and so on. Most of
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these routers are costly dedicated devices running obscure firmware which is hard to configure and
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not open to any changes (on the other hand, their special hardware design allows them to keep up with lots of high-speed network interfaces, better than general-purpose computer does). Fortunately, most operating systems of the UNIX family allow an ordinary
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@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ a statically configured table.
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<p>A <em/Routing Daemon/ is in UNIX terminology a non-interactive program running on
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background which does the dynamic part of Internet routing, that is it communicates
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with the other routers, calculates routing tables and sends them to the OS kernel
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which does the actual packet forwarding. There already exist other such routing daemons: routed (rip only), GateD<HTMLURL URL="http://www.gated.org/">
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(non free), Zebra<HTMLURL URL="http://www.zebra.org"> and MRTD<HTMLURL URL="http://www.zcu.cz/ftp/mirrors/mmrz/mrtd">, but their capabilities are limited and
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which does the actual packet forwarding. There already exist other such routing daemons: routed (RIP only), GateD<HTMLURL URL="http://www.gated.org/">
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(non-free), Zebra<HTMLURL URL="http://www.zebra.org"> and MRTD<HTMLURL URL="http://www.zcu.cz/ftp/mirrors/mmrz/mrtd">, but their capabilities are limited and
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they are relatively hard to configure and maintain.
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<p>BIRD is an Internet Routing Daemon designed to avoid all of these shortcomings,
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@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ protocols to be incorporated easily. Among other features, BIRD supports:
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<item>both IPv4 and IPv6 protocols
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<item>multiple routing tables
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<item>the Border Gateway Protocol (BGPv4)
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<item>the Routing Interchange Protocol (RIPv2)
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<item>the Routing Information Protocol (RIPv2)
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<item>the Open Shortest Path First protocol (OSPFv2)
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<item>a virtual protocol for exchange of routes between different routing tables on a single host
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<item>a command-line interface allowing on-line control and inspection
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@ -137,16 +137,15 @@ options. The most important ones are:
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<chapt>About routing tables
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<p>BIRD has one or more routing tables, which may or may not be
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synchronized with kernel and which may or may not be synchronized with
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each other (see the Pipe protocol). Each routing table contains list of
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<p>BIRD has one or more routing tables which may or may not be
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synchronized with OS kernel and which may or may not be synchronized with
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each other (see the Pipe protocol). Each routing table contains a list of
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known routes. Each route consists of:
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<itemize>
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<item>network prefix this route is for (consists of network address and number of bits forming the network part of the address)
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<item>preference of this route (taken from preference of
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protocol and possibly altered by filters)
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<item>IP address of router who told us about this route
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<item>network prefix this route is for (network address and prefix length -- the number of bits forming the network part of the address; also known as a netmask)
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<item>preference of this route
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<item>IP address of router which told us about this route
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<item>IP address of router we should forward the packets to
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using this route
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<item>other attributes common to all routes
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@ -154,23 +153,23 @@ known routes. Each route consists of:
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may not be present (typically protocol metrics)
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</itemize>
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Routing table maintains more than
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one entry for a network, but at most one entry for one network and one
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protocol. The entry with biggest preference is used for routing. If
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Routing table maintains multiple entries
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for a network, but at most one entry for one network and one
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protocol. The entry with the highest preference is used for routing (we
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will call such an entry the <it/selected route/). If
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there are more entries with the same preference and they are from the same
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protocol, protocol decides (typically according to metrics). If not,
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internal ordering is used to decide. You can
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get list of route attributes in "Route attributes" section in
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filters.
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protocol, the protocol decides (typically according to metrics). If they aren't,
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an internal ordering is used to break the tie. You can
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get the list of route attributes in the Route attributes section.
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<p>Protocols are connected to routing tables through filters. Routes
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that come from other routers go to the protocol, it then passes them to
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filters, if import filter accepts route, it gets to main routing
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table. It is then broadcasted to all other protocols (filtered through
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their export filters), which typically send it to other routers.
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Filters can alter routes passed between routing tables and
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protocols.
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<p>Each protocol is connected to a routing table through two filters
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which can accept, reject and modify the routes. An <it/export/
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filter checks routes passed from the routing table to the protocol,
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an <it/import/ filter checks routes in the opposite direction.
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When the routing table gets a route from a protocol, it recalculates
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the selected route and broadcasts it to all protocols connected to
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the table. The protocols typically send the update to other routers
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in the network.
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<chapt>Configuration
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@ -235,7 +234,7 @@ protocol rip {
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<tag>filter <m/name local variables/{ <m/commands/ }</tag> Define a filter. You can learn more about filters
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in the following chapter.
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<tag>function <m/name (parameters) local variables/ { <m/commands/ }</tag> Define a function. You can learn more
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<tag>function <m/name/ (<m/parameters/) <m/local variables/ { <m/commands/ }</tag> Define a function. You can learn more
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about functions in the following chapter.
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<tag>protocol rip|ospf|bgp|... <m/[name]/ { <m>protocol options</m> }</tag> Define a protocol
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@ -303,7 +302,7 @@ to zero to disable it. An empty <cf><m/switch/</cf> is equivalent to <cf/on/
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time from which the password is not used for sending, but it is recognized on reception. <cf/id/ is password ID as needed by
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certain protocols. Format of <cf><m/time/</cf> is <tt>dd-mm-yyyy HH:MM:SS</tt>.
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<tag>interface "<m/mask/"|<m/prefix/ [ { <m/option/ ; [ ... ] } ]</tag> Specifies which
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<tag>interface "<m/mask/"|<m/prefix/ [ { <m/option/ ; [...] } ]</tag> Specifies which
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interfaces is this protocol active on and allows you to set options on a
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per-interface basis. Mask is specified as in shell-like patterns, thus <cf>interface
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"*" { mode broadcast; };</cf> will start the protocol on all interfaces with <cf>mode
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@ -351,7 +350,7 @@ BIRD and <file/birdc/ is stable (see the programmer's documentation).
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<tag>show symbols</tag>
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Show the list of symbols defined in the configuration (names of protocols, routing tables etc.).
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<tag>show route [<m/prefix/|for <m/prefix or IP/] [primary] [table <m/sym/] [all] [stats|count] [filter <m/name/|where <m/condition/] [(import|proto) <m/sym/]</tag>
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<tag>show route [[for] <m/prefix/|<m/IP/] [table <m/sym/] [filter <m/f/|where <m/c/] [(import|proto) <m/p/] [<m/options/]</tag>
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Show contents of a routing table (by default of the main one),
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that is routes, their metrics and (in case the <cf/all/ switch is given)
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all their attributes.
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@ -602,10 +601,10 @@ defined by using the <cf>defined( <m>attribute</m> )</cf> operator.
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Next hop packets routed using this route should be forwarded to.
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<tag><m/enum/ source</tag>
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what protocol has told me about this route. Possible values: <cf/RTS_DUMMY, RTS_STATIC, RTS_INHERIT, RTS_DEVICE, RTS_STATIC_DEVICE, RTS_REDIRECT, RTS_RIP, RTS_OSPF, RTS_OSPF_EXT, RTS_OSPF_IA, RTS_OSPF_BOUNDARY, RTS_BGP, RTS_PIPE/.
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what protocol has told me about this route. Possible values: <cf/RTS_DUMMY/, <cf/RTS_STATIC/, <cf/RTS_INHERIT/, <cf/RTS_DEVICE/, <cf/RTS_STATIC_DEVICE/, <cf/RTS_REDIRECT/, <cf/RTS_RIP/, <cf/RTS_OSPF/, <cf/RTS_OSPF_EXT/, <cf/RTS_OSPF_IA/, <cf/RTS_OSPF_BOUNDARY/, <cf/RTS_BGP/, <cf/RTS_PIPE/.
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<tag><m/enum/ cast</tag>
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Route type (<cf/RTC_UNICAST/ for normal routes, <cf/RTC_BROADCAST, RTC_MULTICAST, RTC_ANYCAST/ for broadcast, multicast and anycast routes). Read-only.
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Route type (<cf/RTC_UNICAST/ for normal routes, <cf/RTC_BROADCAST/, <cf/RTC_MULTICAST/, <cf/RTC_ANYCAST/ for broadcast, multicast and anycast routes). Read-only.
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<tag><m/enum/ dest</tag>
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Type of destination the packets should be sent to (<cf/RTD_ROUTER/ for forwarding to a neighboring router, <cf/RTD_NETWORK/ for routing to a directly-connected network, <cf/RTD_BLACKHOLE/ for packets to be silently discarded, <cf/RTD_UNREACHABLE/, <cf/RTD_PROHIBIT/ for packets that should be returned with ICMP host unreachable / ICMP administratively prohibited messages). Read-only.
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@ -821,7 +820,7 @@ with `<tt/O/') are optional.
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<p><code>
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protocol bgp {
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local as 65000; # Use a private AS number
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neighbor 62.168.0.130 as 5588; # Our neighbor...
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neighbor 62.168.0.130 as 5588; # Our neighbor ...
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multihop 20 via 62.168.0.13; # ... which is connected indirectly
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export filter { # We use non-trivial export rules
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if source = RTS_STATIC then { # Export only static routes
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@ -1420,17 +1419,43 @@ protocol static {
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}
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</code>
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<chapt>Problems
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<chapt>Conclusions
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<p>BIRD is relatively young system, and probably contains some
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bugs. You can report bugs at bird-users mailing list (<HTMLURL URL="mailto:bird-users@bird.network.cz" name="bird-users@bird.network.cz">), but before you do,
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please make sure you have read available documentation, make sure are running latest version (available at <HTMLURL
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URL="ftp://bird.network.cz/pub/bird" name="bird.network.cz:/pub/bird">). (Of course, patch
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which fixes the bug along with bug report is always welcome). If you
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want to use BIRD, join mailing list by sending
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<tt/subscribe bird-users/ to <HTMLURL URL="mailto:majordomo@bird.network.cz" name="majordomo@bird.network.cz">. Main home page of bird is <HTMLURL URL="http://bird.network.cz/" name="http://bird.network.cz/">. When
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trying to understand, what is going on, Internet standards are
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relevant reading; you can get them from <HTMLURL URL="ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/" name="ftp.rfc-editor.org"> (or nicely sorted version from <HTMLURL URL="ftp://atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/pub/rfc" name="atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz:/pub/rfc">).
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<sect>Future work
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<p>Although BIRD supports all the commonly used routing protocols,
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there are still some features which would surely deserve to be
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implemented in future versions of BIRD:
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<itemize>
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<item>OSPF for IPv6 networks
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<item>OSPF NSSA areas and opaque LSA's
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<item>Route aggregation and flap dampening
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<item>Generation of IPv6 router advertisements
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<item>Multipath routes
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<item>Multicast routing protocols
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<item>Ports to other systems
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</itemize>
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<sect>Getting more help
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<p>If you use BIRD, you're welcome to join the bird-users mailing list
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(<HTMLURL URL="mailto:bird-users@bird.network.cz" name="bird-users@bird.network.cz">)
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where you can share your experiences with the other users and consult
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your problems with the authors. To subscribe to the list, just send a
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<tt/subscribe bird-users/ command in a body of a mail to
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(<HTMLURL URL="mailto:majordomo@bird.network.cz" name="majordomo@bird.network.cz">).
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The home page of BIRD can be found at <HTMLURL URL="http://bird.network.cz/" name="http://bird.network.cz/">.
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<p>BIRD is a relatively young system and it probably contains some
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bugs. You can report any problems to the bird-users list and the authors
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will be glad to solve them, but before you do so,
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please make sure you have read the available documentation and that you are running the latest version (available at <HTMLURL
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URL="ftp://bird.network.cz/pub/bird" name="bird.network.cz:/pub/bird">). (Of course, a patch
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which fixes the bug is always welcome as an attachment.)
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<p>If you want to understand what is going inside, Internet standards are
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a good and interesting reading. You can get them from <HTMLURL URL="ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/" name="ftp.rfc-editor.org"> (or a nicely sorted version from <HTMLURL URL="ftp://atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/pub/rfc" name="atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz:/pub/rfc">).
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<p><it/Good luck!/
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