mirror of
https://github.com/renbaoshuo/S2OJ.git
synced 2024-12-23 17:31:51 +00:00
504 lines
25 KiB
HTML
504 lines
25 KiB
HTML
|
<!doctype html>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<title>CodeMirror: Internals</title>
|
||
|
|
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
|
||
|
|
<link rel=stylesheet href="docs.css">
|
||
|
|
<style>dl dl {margin: 0;} .update {color: #d40 !important}</style>
|
||
|
|
<script src="activebookmark.js"></script>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<div id=nav>
|
||
|
|
<a href="http://codemirror.net"><img id=logo src="logo.png"></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="../index.html">Home</a>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="manual.html">Manual</a>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/marijnh/codemirror">Code</a>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="#top">Introduction</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="#approach">General Approach</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="#input">Input</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="#selection">Selection</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="#update">Intelligent Updating</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="#parse">Parsing</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="#summary">What Gives?</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="#btree">Content Representation</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="#keymap">Key Maps</a></li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<article>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<h2 id=top>(Re-) Implementing A Syntax-Highlighting Editor in JavaScript</h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p style="font-size: 85%" id="intro">
|
||
|
|
<strong>Topic:</strong> JavaScript, code editor implementation<br>
|
||
|
|
<strong>Author:</strong> Marijn Haverbeke<br>
|
||
|
|
<strong>Date:</strong> March 2nd 2011 (updated November 13th 2011)
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p style="padding: 0 3em 0 2em"><strong>Caution</strong>: this text was written briefly after
|
||
|
|
version 2 was initially written. It no longer (even including the
|
||
|
|
update at the bottom) fully represents the current implementation. I'm
|
||
|
|
leaving it here as a historic document. For more up-to-date
|
||
|
|
information, look at the entries
|
||
|
|
tagged <a href="http://marijnhaverbeke.nl/blog/#cm-internals">cm-internals</a>
|
||
|
|
on my blog.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>This is a followup to
|
||
|
|
my <a href="http://codemirror.net/story.html">Brutal Odyssey to the
|
||
|
|
Dark Side of the DOM Tree</a> story. That one describes the
|
||
|
|
mind-bending process of implementing (what would become) CodeMirror 1.
|
||
|
|
This one describes the internals of CodeMirror 2, a complete rewrite
|
||
|
|
and rethink of the old code base. I wanted to give this piece another
|
||
|
|
Hunter Thompson copycat subtitle, but somehow that would be out of
|
||
|
|
place—the process this time around was one of straightforward
|
||
|
|
engineering, requiring no serious mind-bending whatsoever.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>So, what is wrong with CodeMirror 1? I'd estimate, by mailing list
|
||
|
|
activity and general search-engine presence, that it has been
|
||
|
|
integrated into about a thousand systems by now. The most prominent
|
||
|
|
one, since a few weeks,
|
||
|
|
being <a href="http://googlecode.blogspot.com/2011/01/make-quick-fixes-quicker-on-google.html">Google
|
||
|
|
code's project hosting</a>. It works, and it's being used widely.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Still, I did not start replacing it because I was bored. CodeMirror
|
||
|
|
1 was heavily reliant on <code>designMode</code>
|
||
|
|
or <code>contentEditable</code> (depending on the browser). Neither of
|
||
|
|
these are well specified (HTML5 tries
|
||
|
|
to <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/editing.html#contenteditable">specify</a>
|
||
|
|
their basics), and, more importantly, they tend to be one of the more
|
||
|
|
obscure and buggy areas of browser functionality—CodeMirror, by using
|
||
|
|
this functionality in a non-typical way, was constantly running up
|
||
|
|
against browser bugs. WebKit wouldn't show an empty line at the end of
|
||
|
|
the document, and in some releases would suddenly get unbearably slow.
|
||
|
|
Firefox would show the cursor in the wrong place. Internet Explorer
|
||
|
|
would insist on linkifying everything that looked like a URL or email
|
||
|
|
address, a behaviour that can't be turned off. Some bugs I managed to
|
||
|
|
work around (which was often a frustrating, painful process), others,
|
||
|
|
such as the Firefox cursor placement, I gave up on, and had to tell
|
||
|
|
user after user that they were known problems, but not something I
|
||
|
|
could help.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Also, there is the fact that <code>designMode</code> (which seemed
|
||
|
|
to be less buggy than <code>contentEditable</code> in Webkit and
|
||
|
|
Firefox, and was thus used by CodeMirror 1 in those browsers) requires
|
||
|
|
a frame. Frames are another tricky area. It takes some effort to
|
||
|
|
prevent getting tripped up by domain restrictions, they don't
|
||
|
|
initialize synchronously, behave strangely in response to the back
|
||
|
|
button, and, on several browsers, can't be moved around the DOM
|
||
|
|
without having them re-initialize. They did provide a very nice way to
|
||
|
|
namespace the library, though—CodeMirror 1 could freely pollute the
|
||
|
|
namespace inside the frame.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Finally, working with an editable document means working with
|
||
|
|
selection in arbitrary DOM structures. Internet Explorer (8 and
|
||
|
|
before) has an utterly different (and awkward) selection API than all
|
||
|
|
of the other browsers, and even among the different implementations of
|
||
|
|
<code>document.selection</code>, details about how exactly a selection
|
||
|
|
is represented vary quite a bit. Add to that the fact that Opera's
|
||
|
|
selection support tended to be very buggy until recently, and you can
|
||
|
|
imagine why CodeMirror 1 contains 700 lines of selection-handling
|
||
|
|
code.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>And that brings us to the main issue with the CodeMirror 1
|
||
|
|
code base: The proportion of browser-bug-workarounds to real
|
||
|
|
application code was getting dangerously high. By building on top of a
|
||
|
|
few dodgy features, I put the system in a vulnerable position—any
|
||
|
|
incompatibility and bugginess in these features, I had to paper over
|
||
|
|
with my own code. Not only did I have to do some serious stunt-work to
|
||
|
|
get it to work on older browsers (as detailed in the
|
||
|
|
previous <a href="http://codemirror.net/story.html">story</a>), things
|
||
|
|
also kept breaking in newly released versions, requiring me to come up
|
||
|
|
with <em>new</em> scary hacks in order to keep up. This was starting
|
||
|
|
to lose its appeal.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<section id=approach>
|
||
|
|
<h2>General Approach</h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>What CodeMirror 2 does is try to sidestep most of the hairy hacks
|
||
|
|
that came up in version 1. I owe a lot to the
|
||
|
|
<a href="http://ace.ajax.org">ACE</a> editor for inspiration on how to
|
||
|
|
approach this.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>I absolutely did not want to be completely reliant on key events to
|
||
|
|
generate my input. Every JavaScript programmer knows that key event
|
||
|
|
information is horrible and incomplete. Some people (most awesomely
|
||
|
|
Mihai Bazon with <a href="http://ymacs.org">Ymacs</a>) have been able
|
||
|
|
to build more or less functioning editors by directly reading key
|
||
|
|
events, but it takes a lot of work (the kind of never-ending, fragile
|
||
|
|
work I described earlier), and will never be able to properly support
|
||
|
|
things like multi-keystoke international character
|
||
|
|
input. <a href="#keymap" class="update">[see below for caveat]</a></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>So what I do is focus a hidden textarea, and let the browser
|
||
|
|
believe that the user is typing into that. What we show to the user is
|
||
|
|
a DOM structure we built to represent his document. If this is updated
|
||
|
|
quickly enough, and shows some kind of believable cursor, it feels
|
||
|
|
like a real text-input control.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Another big win is that this DOM representation does not have to
|
||
|
|
span the whole document. Some CodeMirror 1 users insisted that they
|
||
|
|
needed to put a 30 thousand line XML document into CodeMirror. Putting
|
||
|
|
all that into the DOM takes a while, especially since, for some
|
||
|
|
reason, an editable DOM tree is slower than a normal one on most
|
||
|
|
browsers. If we have full control over what we show, we must only
|
||
|
|
ensure that the visible part of the document has been added, and can
|
||
|
|
do the rest only when needed. (Fortunately, the <code>onscroll</code>
|
||
|
|
event works almost the same on all browsers, and lends itself well to
|
||
|
|
displaying things only as they are scrolled into view.)</p>
|
||
|
|
</section>
|
||
|
|
<section id="input">
|
||
|
|
<h2>Input</h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>ACE uses its hidden textarea only as a text input shim, and does
|
||
|
|
all cursor movement and things like text deletion itself by directly
|
||
|
|
handling key events. CodeMirror's way is to let the browser do its
|
||
|
|
thing as much as possible, and not, for example, define its own set of
|
||
|
|
key bindings. One way to do this would have been to have the whole
|
||
|
|
document inside the hidden textarea, and after each key event update
|
||
|
|
the display DOM to reflect what's in that textarea.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>That'd be simple, but it is not realistic. For even medium-sized
|
||
|
|
document the editor would be constantly munging huge strings, and get
|
||
|
|
terribly slow. What CodeMirror 2 does is put the current selection,
|
||
|
|
along with an extra line on the top and on the bottom, into the
|
||
|
|
textarea.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>This means that the arrow keys (and their ctrl-variations), home,
|
||
|
|
end, etcetera, do not have to be handled specially. We just read the
|
||
|
|
cursor position in the textarea, and update our cursor to match it.
|
||
|
|
Also, copy and paste work pretty much for free, and people get their
|
||
|
|
native key bindings, without any special work on my part. For example,
|
||
|
|
I have emacs key bindings configured for Chrome and Firefox. There is
|
||
|
|
no way for a script to detect this. <a class="update"
|
||
|
|
href="#keymap">[no longer the case]</a></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Of course, since only a small part of the document sits in the
|
||
|
|
textarea, keys like page up and ctrl-end won't do the right thing.
|
||
|
|
CodeMirror is catching those events and handling them itself.</p>
|
||
|
|
</section>
|
||
|
|
<section id="selection">
|
||
|
|
<h2>Selection</h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Getting and setting the selection range of a textarea in modern
|
||
|
|
browsers is trivial—you just use the <code>selectionStart</code>
|
||
|
|
and <code>selectionEnd</code> properties. On IE you have to do some
|
||
|
|
insane stuff with temporary ranges and compensating for the fact that
|
||
|
|
moving the selection by a 'character' will treat \r\n as a single
|
||
|
|
character, but even there it is possible to build functions that
|
||
|
|
reliably set and get the selection range.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>But consider this typical case: When I'm somewhere in my document,
|
||
|
|
press shift, and press the up arrow, something gets selected. Then, if
|
||
|
|
I, still holding shift, press the up arrow again, the top of my
|
||
|
|
selection is adjusted. The selection remembers where its <em>head</em>
|
||
|
|
and its <em>anchor</em> are, and moves the head when we shift-move.
|
||
|
|
This is a generally accepted property of selections, and done right by
|
||
|
|
every editing component built in the past twenty years.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>But not something that the browser selection APIs expose.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Great. So when someone creates an 'upside-down' selection, the next
|
||
|
|
time CodeMirror has to update the textarea, it'll re-create the
|
||
|
|
selection as an 'upside-up' selection, with the anchor at the top, and
|
||
|
|
the next cursor motion will behave in an unexpected way—our second
|
||
|
|
up-arrow press in the example above will not do anything, since it is
|
||
|
|
interpreted in exactly the same way as the first.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>No problem. We'll just, ehm, detect that the selection is
|
||
|
|
upside-down (you can tell by the way it was created), and then, when
|
||
|
|
an upside-down selection is present, and a cursor-moving key is
|
||
|
|
pressed in combination with shift, we quickly collapse the selection
|
||
|
|
in the textarea to its start, allow the key to take effect, and then
|
||
|
|
combine its new head with its old anchor to get the <em>real</em>
|
||
|
|
selection.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>In short, scary hacks could not be avoided entirely in CodeMirror
|
||
|
|
2.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>And, the observant reader might ask, how do you even know that a
|
||
|
|
key combo is a cursor-moving combo, if you claim you support any
|
||
|
|
native key bindings? Well, we don't, but we can learn. The editor
|
||
|
|
keeps a set known cursor-movement combos (initialized to the
|
||
|
|
predictable defaults), and updates this set when it observes that
|
||
|
|
pressing a certain key had (only) the effect of moving the cursor.
|
||
|
|
This, of course, doesn't work if the first time the key is used was
|
||
|
|
for extending an inverted selection, but it works most of the
|
||
|
|
time.</p>
|
||
|
|
</section>
|
||
|
|
<section id="update">
|
||
|
|
<h2>Intelligent Updating</h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>One thing that always comes up when you have a complicated internal
|
||
|
|
state that's reflected in some user-visible external representation
|
||
|
|
(in this case, the displayed code and the textarea's content) is
|
||
|
|
keeping the two in sync. The naive way is to just update the display
|
||
|
|
every time you change your state, but this is not only error prone
|
||
|
|
(you'll forget), it also easily leads to duplicate work on big,
|
||
|
|
composite operations. Then you start passing around flags indicating
|
||
|
|
whether the display should be updated in an attempt to be efficient
|
||
|
|
again and, well, at that point you might as well give up completely.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>I did go down that road, but then switched to a much simpler model:
|
||
|
|
simply keep track of all the things that have been changed during an
|
||
|
|
action, and then, only at the end, use this information to update the
|
||
|
|
user-visible display.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>CodeMirror uses a concept of <em>operations</em>, which start by
|
||
|
|
calling a specific set-up function that clears the state and end by
|
||
|
|
calling another function that reads this state and does the required
|
||
|
|
updating. Most event handlers, and all the user-visible methods that
|
||
|
|
change state are wrapped like this. There's a method
|
||
|
|
called <code>operation</code> that accepts a function, and returns
|
||
|
|
another function that wraps the given function as an operation.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>It's trivial to extend this (as CodeMirror does) to detect nesting,
|
||
|
|
and, when an operation is started inside an operation, simply
|
||
|
|
increment the nesting count, and only do the updating when this count
|
||
|
|
reaches zero again.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>If we have a set of changed ranges and know the currently shown
|
||
|
|
range, we can (with some awkward code to deal with the fact that
|
||
|
|
changes can add and remove lines, so we're dealing with a changing
|
||
|
|
coordinate system) construct a map of the ranges that were left
|
||
|
|
intact. We can then compare this map with the part of the document
|
||
|
|
that's currently visible (based on scroll offset and editor height) to
|
||
|
|
determine whether something needs to be updated.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>CodeMirror uses two update algorithms—a full refresh, where it just
|
||
|
|
discards the whole part of the DOM that contains the edited text and
|
||
|
|
rebuilds it, and a patch algorithm, where it uses the information
|
||
|
|
about changed and intact ranges to update only the out-of-date parts
|
||
|
|
of the DOM. When more than 30 percent (which is the current heuristic,
|
||
|
|
might change) of the lines need to be updated, the full refresh is
|
||
|
|
chosen (since it's faster to do than painstakingly finding and
|
||
|
|
updating all the changed lines), in the other case it does the
|
||
|
|
patching (so that, if you scroll a line or select another character,
|
||
|
|
the whole screen doesn't have to be
|
||
|
|
re-rendered). <span class="update">[the full-refresh
|
||
|
|
algorithm was dropped, it wasn't really faster than the patching
|
||
|
|
one]</span></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>All updating uses <code>innerHTML</code> rather than direct DOM
|
||
|
|
manipulation, since that still seems to be by far the fastest way to
|
||
|
|
build documents. There's a per-line function that combines the
|
||
|
|
highlighting, <a href="manual.html#markText">marking</a>, and
|
||
|
|
selection info for that line into a snippet of HTML. The patch updater
|
||
|
|
uses this to reset individual lines, the refresh updater builds an
|
||
|
|
HTML chunk for the whole visible document at once, and then uses a
|
||
|
|
single <code>innerHTML</code> update to do the refresh.</p>
|
||
|
|
</section>
|
||
|
|
<section id="parse">
|
||
|
|
<h2>Parsers can be Simple</h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>When I wrote CodeMirror 1, I
|
||
|
|
thought <a href="http://codemirror.net/story.html#parser">interruptable
|
||
|
|
parsers</a> were a hugely scary and complicated thing, and I used a
|
||
|
|
bunch of heavyweight abstractions to keep this supposed complexity
|
||
|
|
under control: parsers
|
||
|
|
were <a href="http://bob.pythonmac.org/archives/2005/07/06/iteration-in-javascript/">iterators</a>
|
||
|
|
that consumed input from another iterator, and used funny
|
||
|
|
closure-resetting tricks to copy and resume themselves.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>This made for a rather nice system, in that parsers formed strictly
|
||
|
|
separate modules, and could be composed in predictable ways.
|
||
|
|
Unfortunately, it was quite slow (stacking three or four iterators on
|
||
|
|
top of each other), and extremely intimidating to people not used to a
|
||
|
|
functional programming style.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>With a few small changes, however, we can keep all those
|
||
|
|
advantages, but simplify the API and make the whole thing less
|
||
|
|
indirect and inefficient. CodeMirror
|
||
|
|
2's <a href="manual.html#modeapi">mode API</a> uses explicit state
|
||
|
|
objects, and makes the parser/tokenizer a function that simply takes a
|
||
|
|
state and a character stream abstraction, advances the stream one
|
||
|
|
token, and returns the way the token should be styled. This state may
|
||
|
|
be copied, optionally in a mode-defined way, in order to be able to
|
||
|
|
continue a parse at a given point. Even someone who's never touched a
|
||
|
|
lambda in his life can understand this approach. Additionally, far
|
||
|
|
fewer objects are allocated in the course of parsing now.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>The biggest speedup comes from the fact that the parsing no longer
|
||
|
|
has to touch the DOM though. In CodeMirror 1, on an older browser, you
|
||
|
|
could <em>see</em> the parser work its way through the document,
|
||
|
|
managing some twenty lines in each 50-millisecond time slice it got. It
|
||
|
|
was reading its input from the DOM, and updating the DOM as it went
|
||
|
|
along, which any experienced JavaScript programmer will immediately
|
||
|
|
spot as a recipe for slowness. In CodeMirror 2, the parser usually
|
||
|
|
finishes the whole document in a single 100-millisecond time slice—it
|
||
|
|
manages some 1500 lines during that time on Chrome. All it has to do
|
||
|
|
is munge strings, so there is no real reason for it to be slow
|
||
|
|
anymore.</p>
|
||
|
|
</section>
|
||
|
|
<section id="summary">
|
||
|
|
<h2>What Gives?</h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Given all this, what can you expect from CodeMirror 2?</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li><strong>Small.</strong> the base library is
|
||
|
|
some <span class="update">45k</span> when minified
|
||
|
|
now, <span class="update">17k</span> when gzipped. It's smaller than
|
||
|
|
its own logo.</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li><strong>Lightweight.</strong> CodeMirror 2 initializes very
|
||
|
|
quickly, and does almost no work when it is not focused. This means
|
||
|
|
you can treat it almost like a textarea, have multiple instances on a
|
||
|
|
page without trouble.</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li><strong>Huge document support.</strong> Since highlighting is
|
||
|
|
really fast, and no DOM structure is being built for non-visible
|
||
|
|
content, you don't have to worry about locking up your browser when a
|
||
|
|
user enters a megabyte-sized document.</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li><strong>Extended API.</strong> Some things kept coming up in the
|
||
|
|
mailing list, such as marking pieces of text or lines, which were
|
||
|
|
extremely hard to do with CodeMirror 1. The new version has proper
|
||
|
|
support for these built in.</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li><strong>Tab support.</strong> Tabs inside editable documents were,
|
||
|
|
for some reason, a no-go. At least six different people announced they
|
||
|
|
were going to add tab support to CodeMirror 1, none survived (I mean,
|
||
|
|
none delivered a working version). CodeMirror 2 no longer removes tabs
|
||
|
|
from your document.</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li><strong>Sane styling.</strong> <code>iframe</code> nodes aren't
|
||
|
|
really known for respecting document flow. Now that an editor instance
|
||
|
|
is a plain <code>div</code> element, it is much easier to size it to
|
||
|
|
fit the surrounding elements. You don't even have to make it scroll if
|
||
|
|
you do not <a href="../demo/resize.html">want to</a>.</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>On the downside, a CodeMirror 2 instance is <em>not</em> a native
|
||
|
|
editable component. Though it does its best to emulate such a
|
||
|
|
component as much as possible, there is functionality that browsers
|
||
|
|
just do not allow us to hook into. Doing select-all from the context
|
||
|
|
menu, for example, is not currently detected by CodeMirror.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p id="changes" style="margin-top: 2em;"><span style="font-weight:
|
||
|
|
bold">[Updates from November 13th 2011]</span> Recently, I've made
|
||
|
|
some changes to the codebase that cause some of the text above to no
|
||
|
|
longer be current. I've left the text intact, but added markers at the
|
||
|
|
passages that are now inaccurate. The new situation is described
|
||
|
|
below.</p>
|
||
|
|
</section>
|
||
|
|
<section id="btree">
|
||
|
|
<h2>Content Representation</h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>The original implementation of CodeMirror 2 represented the
|
||
|
|
document as a flat array of line objects. This worked well—splicing
|
||
|
|
arrays will require the part of the array after the splice to be
|
||
|
|
moved, but this is basically just a simple <code>memmove</code> of a
|
||
|
|
bunch of pointers, so it is cheap even for huge documents.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>However, I recently added line wrapping and code folding (line
|
||
|
|
collapsing, basically). Once lines start taking up a non-constant
|
||
|
|
amount of vertical space, looking up a line by vertical position
|
||
|
|
(which is needed when someone clicks the document, and to determine
|
||
|
|
the visible part of the document during scrolling) can only be done
|
||
|
|
with a linear scan through the whole array, summing up line heights as
|
||
|
|
you go. Seeing how I've been going out of my way to make big documents
|
||
|
|
fast, this is not acceptable.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>The new representation is based on a B-tree. The leaves of the tree
|
||
|
|
contain arrays of line objects, with a fixed minimum and maximum size,
|
||
|
|
and the non-leaf nodes simply hold arrays of child nodes. Each node
|
||
|
|
stores both the amount of lines that live below them and the vertical
|
||
|
|
space taken up by these lines. This allows the tree to be indexed both
|
||
|
|
by line number and by vertical position, and all access has
|
||
|
|
logarithmic complexity in relation to the document size.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>I gave line objects and tree nodes parent pointers, to the node
|
||
|
|
above them. When a line has to update its height, it can simply walk
|
||
|
|
these pointers to the top of the tree, adding or subtracting the
|
||
|
|
difference in height from each node it encounters. The parent pointers
|
||
|
|
also make it cheaper (in complexity terms, the difference is probably
|
||
|
|
tiny in normal-sized documents) to find the current line number when
|
||
|
|
given a line object. In the old approach, the whole document array had
|
||
|
|
to be searched. Now, we can just walk up the tree and count the sizes
|
||
|
|
of the nodes coming before us at each level.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>I chose B-trees, not regular binary trees, mostly because they
|
||
|
|
allow for very fast bulk insertions and deletions. When there is a big
|
||
|
|
change to a document, it typically involves adding, deleting, or
|
||
|
|
replacing a chunk of subsequent lines. In a regular balanced tree, all
|
||
|
|
these inserts or deletes would have to be done separately, which could
|
||
|
|
be really expensive. In a B-tree, to insert a chunk, you just walk
|
||
|
|
down the tree once to find where it should go, insert them all in one
|
||
|
|
shot, and then break up the node if needed. This breaking up might
|
||
|
|
involve breaking up nodes further up, but only requires a single pass
|
||
|
|
back up the tree. For deletion, I'm somewhat lax in keeping things
|
||
|
|
balanced—I just collapse nodes into a leaf when their child count goes
|
||
|
|
below a given number. This means that there are some weird editing
|
||
|
|
patterns that may result in a seriously unbalanced tree, but even such
|
||
|
|
an unbalanced tree will perform well, unless you spend a day making
|
||
|
|
strangely repeating edits to a really big document.</p>
|
||
|
|
</section>
|
||
|
|
<section id="keymap">
|
||
|
|
<h2>Keymaps</h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><a href="#approach">Above</a>, I claimed that directly catching key
|
||
|
|
events for things like cursor movement is impractical because it
|
||
|
|
requires some browser-specific kludges. I then proceeded to explain
|
||
|
|
some awful <a href="#selection">hacks</a> that were needed to make it
|
||
|
|
possible for the selection changes to be detected through the
|
||
|
|
textarea. In fact, the second hack is about as bad as the first.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>On top of that, in the presence of user-configurable tab sizes and
|
||
|
|
collapsed and wrapped lines, lining up cursor movement in the textarea
|
||
|
|
with what's visible on the screen becomes a nightmare. Thus, I've
|
||
|
|
decided to move to a model where the textarea's selection is no longer
|
||
|
|
depended on.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>So I moved to a model where all cursor movement is handled by my
|
||
|
|
own code. This adds support for a goal column, proper interaction of
|
||
|
|
cursor movement with collapsed lines, and makes it possible for
|
||
|
|
vertical movement to move through wrapped lines properly, instead of
|
||
|
|
just treating them like non-wrapped lines.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>The key event handlers now translate the key event into a string,
|
||
|
|
something like <code>Ctrl-Home</code> or <code>Shift-Cmd-R</code>, and
|
||
|
|
use that string to look up an action to perform. To make keybinding
|
||
|
|
customizable, this lookup goes through
|
||
|
|
a <a href="manual.html#option_keyMap">table</a>, using a scheme that
|
||
|
|
allows such tables to be chained together (for example, the default
|
||
|
|
Mac bindings fall through to a table named 'emacsy', which defines
|
||
|
|
basic Emacs-style bindings like <code>Ctrl-F</code>, and which is also
|
||
|
|
used by the custom Emacs bindings).</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>A new
|
||
|
|
option <a href="manual.html#option_extraKeys"><code>extraKeys</code></a>
|
||
|
|
allows ad-hoc keybindings to be defined in a much nicer way than what
|
||
|
|
was possible with the
|
||
|
|
old <a href="manual.html#option_onKeyEvent"><code>onKeyEvent</code></a>
|
||
|
|
callback. You simply provide an object mapping key identifiers to
|
||
|
|
functions, instead of painstakingly looking at raw key events.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Built-in commands map to strings, rather than functions, for
|
||
|
|
example <code>"goLineUp"</code> is the default action bound to the up
|
||
|
|
arrow key. This allows new keymaps to refer to them without
|
||
|
|
duplicating any code. New commands can be defined by assigning to
|
||
|
|
the <code>CodeMirror.commands</code> object, which maps such commands
|
||
|
|
to functions.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>The hidden textarea now only holds the current selection, with no
|
||
|
|
extra characters around it. This has a nice advantage: polling for
|
||
|
|
input becomes much, much faster. If there's a big selection, this text
|
||
|
|
does not have to be read from the textarea every time—when we poll,
|
||
|
|
just noticing that something is still selected is enough to tell us
|
||
|
|
that no new text was typed.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>The reason that cheap polling is important is that many browsers do
|
||
|
|
not fire useful events on IME (input method engine) input, which is
|
||
|
|
the thing where people inputting a language like Japanese or Chinese
|
||
|
|
use multiple keystrokes to create a character or sequence of
|
||
|
|
characters. Most modern browsers fire <code>input</code> when the
|
||
|
|
composing is finished, but many don't fire anything when the character
|
||
|
|
is updated <em>during</em> composition. So we poll, whenever the
|
||
|
|
editor is focused, to provide immediate updates of the display.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</article>
|